Prevention and screening represent the twin pillars of our pre-emptive defences against cancer. Cancer prevention includes efforts to forestall the process that leads to cancer, along with the detection and treatment of precancerous conditions at their earliest, most treatable stages, and the prevention of new, or second primary, cancers in survivors. Cancer screening identifies either pre-cancers or early cancers that are still highly amenable to treatment while the number of malignant cells is very small. Research on cancer prevention and screening focuses on three main areas: developing early detection and screening strategies that result in the identification and removal of precancerous lesions and early-stage cancers; developing medical interventions, such as drugs or vaccines, to prevent or disrupt the carcinogenic process; and risk assessment, including understanding and modifying lifestyle factors which increase cancer risk.
Risk Factors
Cancer prevention is a dynamic field where scientists are learning more every day. It is estimated that most men and women can reduce their odds of getting cancer by half. Primary prevention involves adopting a healthy lifestyle. Secondary prevention is working with your doctor to diagnose a cancer or precancerous growth while it is still curable through the use of screening examinations. Here are steps physician can take to reduce cancer risk.
Primary Prevention
- Consume a low fat (no more than 30% of total daily calories), high fiber (20-30 grams per day) diet.
- Eat five servings of fruits and vegetables each day.
- Control your calorie intake to prevent excessive weight gain.
- Do not use tobacco products.
- Avoid excessive sun exposure without protective clothing and sun screens.
- Avoid alcoholic beverages, or consume in moderation only: no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. A drink equals 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of hard liquor.
- Avoid exposure to cancer-causing chemicals and materials.
- Use protective clothing during exposure to hazardous substances.
- Check your home for cancer-causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
- Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of diagnostic x-rays.
- Learn techniques to reduce the amount of stress in your life.
- Practice safe sex.
- Be physically active: achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
Secondary Prevention
Regular screening tests and examinations, called secondary prevention, can help detect cancers in the early stages of development when they may be easier to cure. Early treatment of cancer can be simpler, making it easier to go about daily life. Some individuals may need to have certain tests more often, depending upon their medical history or if they have a family member who has had cancer. The screening guidelines recommended by several national organizations are outlined in Part Two of this booklet. Below are listed the screening tests that are available. Your doctor can tell you which tests are appropriate for you and how frequently you should complete them.
Prostate (Men)
| Colon/Rectum (Men and Women)
|
Skin (Men and Women)
| Oral (Men and Women)
|
Breast (Women)
| Cervical/Uterine (Women)
|
Showing recommendation for prevention and cure of cancer.
